{"id":144,"date":"2023-08-06T09:58:20","date_gmt":"2023-08-06T08:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/?p=144"},"modified":"2023-08-06T12:52:27","modified_gmt":"2023-08-06T11:52:27","slug":"duchovnost-pocuvania","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/duchovnost-pocuvania\/","title":{"rendered":"Duchovnos\u0165 po\u010d\u00favania"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>(preklad \u010dl\u00e1nku rab\u00edna Jonathan-a Sacks-a: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/\">The Spirituality of Listening<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>Je to jedno z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch slov v judaizme a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jedno z najmenej pochopen\u00fdch. Jeho dva najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie v\u00fdskyty s\u00fa v\u00a0\u010dastiach T\u00f3ry, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010d\u00edtali minul\u00fd a\u00a0tento t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148: \u201e<em>Po\u010duj, <\/em>Izrael, P\u00e1n je n\u00e1\u0161 Boh, P\u00e1n je jeden&#8220; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Deuteronomy.6.4?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">5M 6,4<\/a>) a \u201eStane sa, ak bude\u0161 <em>istotne po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 <\/em>moje prik\u00e1zania, ktor\u00e9 ti dnes naria\u010fujem, milova\u0165 P\u00e1na, svojho Boha, a sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 mu cel\u00fdm svoj\u00edm srdcom a celou svojou du\u0161ou&#8220; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Deuteronomy.11.13?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">5M 11, 13<\/a>). Tieto cit\u00e1cie otv\u00e1raj\u00fa prv\u00fd a druh\u00fd odsek modlitby <em>\u0160ema<\/em>. Objavuje sa aj v prvom riadku \u010dasti T\u00f3ry: \u201eStane sa, ak budete <em>po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 <\/em>tieto z\u00e1kony\u201c (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Deuteronomy.7.12?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">5M 7, 12<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fdm slovom je, samozrejme, slovo <em>\u0161ema. <\/em>Na inom mieste<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> som tvrdil, \u017ee je v podstate neprelo\u017eite\u013en\u00e9, preto\u017ee m\u00e1 mnoho v\u00fdznamov: po\u010du\u0165, po\u010d\u00fava\u0165, venova\u0165 pozornos\u0165, pochopi\u0165, osvoji\u0165 si, reagova\u0165, posl\u00fachnu\u0165. Je to jeden z mot\u00edvov 5. knihy Moj\u017ei\u0161ovej, kde sa vyskytuje najmenej 92-kr\u00e1t &#8211; viac ako v ktorejko\u013evek inej knihe T\u00f3ry. Moj\u017ei\u0161 v poslednom mesiaci svojho \u017eivota opakovane hovoril \u013eudu: <em>\u0160ema: <\/em>po\u010d\u00favajte, venujte pozornos\u0165, d\u00e1vajte pozor. Po\u010d\u00favajte, \u010do hovor\u00edm. Po\u010d\u00favajte, \u010do hovor\u00ed Boh. Po\u010d\u00favajte, \u010do od n\u00e1s chce. Keby ste len po\u010d\u00favali&#8230; <em>Judaizmus je n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo po\u010d\u00favania<\/em>. To predstavuje jeden z jeho najorigin\u00e1lnej\u0161\u00edch pr\u00ednosov pre civiliz\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1padn\u00e1 kult\u00fara je postaven\u00e1 na dvoch z\u00e1kladoch \u2013 starovekom Gr\u00e9cku a starovekom Izraeli. Tieto s\u00fa ve\u013emi odli\u0161n\u00e9. Gr\u00e9cko predstavovalo v\u00fdrazne vizu\u00e1lnu kult\u00faru, ktorej najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie diela s\u00faviseli so zrakom, s viden\u00edm. Starovek\u00e9 Gr\u00e9cko vytvorilo umeleck\u00e9 diela, sochy a architekt\u00faru, ktor\u00e9 sa radia k tomu najlep\u0161iemu na svete. Najtypickej\u0161ie skupinov\u00e9 podujatia &#8211; divadeln\u00e9 predstavenia a olympijsk\u00e9 hry &#8211; boli predstaveniami: predstaveniami, ktor\u00e9 sa sledovali zrakom. Plat\u00f3n pova\u017eoval poznanie za ist\u00fd druh preniknutia do h\u013abky zrakom \u2013 nahliadnut\u00edm pod povrch a dohliadnut\u00edm a\u017e na prav\u00fa podstatu vec\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00e1to my\u0161lienka \u2013 \u017ee poznanie prich\u00e1dza na z\u00e1klade pozerania \u2013 zost\u00e1va na Z\u00e1pade dominantnou metaforou dodnes. Hovor\u00edme o <em>vh\u013eade<\/em>, <em>predv\u00eddan\u00ed <\/em>a <em>sp\u00e4tnom poh\u013eade<\/em>. Pon\u00fakame <em>pozorovanie<\/em>. Osvojujeme si <em>perspekt\u00edvu<\/em>. <em>Ilustrujeme<\/em>. <em>Osvet\u013eujeme <\/em>nejak\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Ke\u010f nie\u010do pochop\u00edme, povieme: &#8222;<em>Je to jasn\u00e9.<\/em>&#8220; (angl. \u201eI see\u201c)<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Judaizmus pon\u00fakol radik\u00e1lnu alternat\u00edvu. Je to viera v Boha, ktor\u00e9ho nevid\u00edme, Boha, ktor\u00fd sa ned\u00e1 zobrazi\u0165. Samotn\u00fd akt vytv\u00e1rania obrazu \u2013 vizu\u00e1lneho symbolu \u2013 je formou modloslu\u017eby. Ako Moj\u017ei\u0161 pripomenul \u013eudu v \u010dasti T\u00f3ry z minul\u00e9ho t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148a, ke\u010f sa Izraeliti priamo stretli s Bohom na vrchu Sinaj: \u201ePo\u010duli ste zvuk slov, ale obraz ste nevideli, bol tam len hlas.&#8220; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Deuteronomy.4.12?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">5M 4, 12<\/a>). Boh komunikuje zvukmi, nie obrazmi. Hovor\u00ed. Prikazuje. Vol\u00e1. Preto je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm \u00fakonom <em>\u0161ema<\/em>. Ke\u010f Boh hovor\u00ed, my po\u010d\u00favame. Ke\u010f prikazuje, sna\u017e\u00edme sa posl\u00facha\u0165.<\/p>\n<p>Rab\u00edn David Cohen (1887 \u2013 1972), zn\u00e1my ako Nazirita, \u017eiak rab\u00edna Kooka a otec R. Shear-Yashuva Cohena, hlavn\u00e9ho rab\u00edna v Haife, pouk\u00e1zal na to, \u017ee v babylonskom Talmude s\u00fa v\u0161etky metafory pochopenia zalo\u017een\u00e9 na po\u010dut\u00ed, nie na viden\u00ed. <em>Ta \u0161ema<\/em> znamen\u00e1 \u201epr\u00ed\u010f a\u00a0po\u010d\u00favaj\u201c. <em>Ka ma\u0161ma lan<\/em> znamen\u00e1 \u201ez toho sa vieme nau\u010di\u0165 toto\u201c. <em>\u0160ema mina<\/em> znamen\u00e1 \u201ez toho vypl\u00fdva\u201c. <em>Lo \u0161emija lej<\/em> znamen\u00e1 \u201enes\u00fahlasil\u201c. Tradi\u010dn\u00e9 u\u010denie sa naz\u00fdva <em>\u0161amajta<\/em> teda \u201e\u010do bolo po\u010dut\u00e9\u201c. A tak \u010falej.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn3\">[3<\/a>] V\u0161etko s\u00fa to vari\u00e1cie slova <em>\u0161ema<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn4\">[4<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Tento rozdiel sa m\u00f4\u017ee javi\u0165 drobn\u00fd, av\u0161ak v skuto\u010dnosti je enormn\u00fd. Pre Gr\u00e9kov boli ide\u00e1lnou formou poznania odstup\/vy\u010dlenenie. Existuje subjekt, teda ten, kto sa pozer\u00e1, a objekt, teda to, na \u010do sa pozer\u00e1. Subjekt a objekt patria do r\u00f4znych svetov. \u010clovek, ktor\u00fd sa pozer\u00e1 na obraz alebo sochu, na hru v divadle alebo na olympijsk\u00e9 hry, nie je akt\u00edvnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou umenia, dr\u00e1my ani \u0161portov\u00e9ho z\u00e1polenia. Vystupuje ako pozorovate\u013e, nie ako \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk.<\/p>\n<p>Pri hovoren\u00ed a\u00a0po\u010d\u00favan\u00ed nedoch\u00e1dza k\u00a0odstupu\/vy\u010dleneniu. S\u00fa to formy zapojenia. Vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa vz\u0165ah. Hebrejsk\u00e9 slovo pre poznanie, <em>da&#8217;at, <\/em>znamen\u00e1 zapojenie, bl\u00edzkos\u0165, intimitu. \u201eA Adam <em>poznal <\/em>svoju man\u017eelku Evu a ona po\u010dala a\u00a0porodila.\u201c (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/Genesis.4.1?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">1M 4, 1<\/a>). To je poznanie v hebrejskom zmysle, nie v gr\u00e9ckom. S Bohom, ktor\u00fd je nekone\u010dn\u00fd, m\u00f4\u017eeme vst\u00fapi\u0165 do vz\u0165ahu hoci my sami sme kone\u010dn\u00ed. Je to tak, preto\u017ee n\u00e1s sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa slov\u00e1. V zjaven\u00ed Boh prehov\u00e1ra k n\u00e1m a v modlitbe prehov\u00e1rame my k Bohu. Ak chcete pochopi\u0165 ak\u00fdko\u013evek vz\u0165ah medzi man\u017eelom a man\u017eelkou, rodi\u010dom a die\u0165a\u0165om alebo zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eom a zamestnancom, venujte ve\u013ek\u00fa pozornos\u0165 tomu, ako sa navz\u00e1jom rozpr\u00e1vaj\u00fa a po\u010d\u00favaj\u00fa. V\u0161etko ostatn\u00e9 dajte bokom.<\/p>\n<p>Gr\u00e9ci n\u00e1s nau\u010dili form\u00e1m poznania, ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z pozorovania a odvodzovania, teda vede a filozofii. Prv\u00ed vedci a prv\u00ed filozofi poch\u00e1dzali z Gr\u00e9cka \u0161iesteho a\u017e \u0161tvrt\u00e9ho storo\u010dia pred na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtom.<\/p>\n<p>Nie v\u0161etko sa v\u0161ak d\u00e1 pochopi\u0165 len na z\u00e1klade zraku a vzh\u013eadu. V prvej knihe Samuelovej je o tom siln\u00fd pr\u00edbeh. Saul, prv\u00fd izraelsk\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e, <em>vyzeral <\/em>dobre. Bol vysok\u00fd. \u201eOd ramien a vy\u0161\u0161ie bol vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako ktoko\u013evek z\u00a0\u013eudu\u201c (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/I_Samuel.9.2?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">1 Sam 9, 2<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/I_Samuel.10.23?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">1 Sam 10, 23<\/a>). Mal <em>imid\u017e <\/em>kr\u00e1\u013ea. Ale mor\u00e1lne, temperamentom v\u00f4bec nebol vodcom, bol nasledovn\u00edkom.<\/p>\n<p>Boh potom povedal Samuelovi, aby na svoje miesto pomazan\u00edm uviedol in\u00e9ho kr\u00e1\u013ea, a povedal mu, \u017ee to bude jeden zo synov Ji\u0161aja. Samuel i\u0161iel k Ji\u0161ajovi a bol ohromen\u00fd vzh\u013eadom jedn\u00e9ho z jeho synov, Eliaba. Pomyslel si, \u017ee to mus\u00ed by\u0165 ten, ktor\u00e9ho mal Boh na mysli. Boh mu v\u0161ak povedal \u201eNedovo\u013e, aby jeho vzh\u013ead \u010di v\u00fd\u0161ka urobili na teba dojem, lebo jeho som zamietol. Boh nevid\u00ed tak ako \u013eudia. <em>\u013dudia prihliadaj\u00fa na vonkaj\u0161\u00ed vzh\u013ead, ale Hospodin h\u013ead\u00ed na srdce<\/em>&#8220; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/I_Samuel.16.7?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">1 Sam 16,7<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>\u017didia a judaizmus u\u010dili, \u017ee Boha nevid\u00edme, ale m\u00f4\u017eeme ho po\u010du\u0165 a on po\u010duje n\u00e1s. Pr\u00e1ve prostredn\u00edctvom slova \u2013 hovorenia a po\u010d\u00favania \u2013 m\u00f4\u017eeme ma\u0165 d\u00f4vern\u00fd vz\u0165ah s Bohom ako s rodi\u010dom, partnerom, panovn\u00edkom, s t\u00fdm, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1s miluje a ktor\u00e9ho milujeme my. Boha neviem preuk\u00e1za\u0165 vedecky. Nedok\u00e1\u017eeme ho dok\u00e1za\u0165 logicky. To s\u00fa gr\u00e9cke a nie \u017eidovsk\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby myslenia. Som presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee zo \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu je snaha logicky alebo vedecky dok\u00e1za\u0165 existenciu Boha chybnou iniciat\u00edvou. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn5\">5<\/a> Boh nie je objekt, ale subjekt. \u017didovsk\u00fd sp\u00f4sob je vz\u0165ahova\u0165 sa k Bohu v intimite a l\u00e1ske, ako aj v \u00facte a b\u00e1zni.<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00fdm z pozoruhodn\u00fdch pr\u00edkladov z\u00a0modernej doby je od \u017dida, ktor\u00fd sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu \u017eivota di\u0161tancoval od judaizmu, a to od Sigmunda Freuda. Psychoanal\u00fdzu nazval \u201elie\u010dbou hovoren\u00edm\u201c, ale vhodnej\u0161\u00ed opis by bol \u201elie\u010dba po\u010d\u00favan\u00edm\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>. Je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na tom, \u017ee akt\u00edvne po\u010d\u00favanie je samo osebe terapeutick\u00e9. A\u017e po roz\u0161\u00edren\u00ed psychoanal\u00fdzy, najm\u00e4 v Amerike, sa do anglick\u00e9ho jazyka dostal v\u00fdraz \u201eI hear you\u201c (vo v\u00fdzname: rozumiem ti) ako sp\u00f4sob vyjadrenia empatie<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn7\">[7].<\/a><\/p>\n<p>V po\u010d\u00favan\u00ed je nie\u010do hlboko duchovn\u00e9. Je to naj\u00fa\u010dinnej\u0161ia forma rie\u0161enia konfliktov, ak\u00fa pozn\u00e1m. Vyvola\u0165 konflikt m\u00f4\u017ee mnoho vec\u00ed, av\u0161ak to, kv\u00f4li \u010domu pretrv\u00e1va, je pocit aspo\u0148 jednej zo str\u00e1n, \u017ee nebola vypo\u010dut\u00e1. Nebola venovan\u00e1 pozornos\u0165 tomu, \u010do hovor\u00ed. \u201eNepo\u010duli\u201c sme jej boles\u0165. Zlyhala empatia. Preto je pou\u017eitie sily \u2013 alebo bojkotu \u2013 tak\u00e9 hlboko nefunk\u010dn\u00e9 rie\u0161enie konfliktu. Na chv\u00ed\u013eu konflikt potla\u010d\u00ed, av\u0161ak ten sa n\u00e1sledne vr\u00e1ti, \u010dasto intenz\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed ako predt\u00fdm. J\u00f3b, ktor\u00fd trpel nespravodlivo, sa nedal ovplyvni\u0165 argumentmi svojich ute\u0161ite\u013eov. Nie preto, \u017ee by trval na tom, \u017ee m\u00e1 pravdu. Chcel v\u0161ak by\u0165 vypo\u010dut\u00fd. Nie n\u00e1hodou je predpokladom spravodlivosti pou\u017eitie pravidla <em>audi alteram partem, \u201e<\/em>vypo\u010duj aj druh\u00fa stranu\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Po\u010d\u00favanie tvor\u00ed samotn\u00e9 jadro vz\u0165ahu. Znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sme otvoren\u00ed druh\u00e9mu, \u017ee ho re\u0161pektujeme, \u017ee n\u00e1m z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na jeho vn\u00edman\u00ed a pocitoch. D\u00e1vame mu povolenie a\u00a0mo\u017enos\u0165 by\u0165 \u00faprimn\u00fd, aj ke\u010f to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa t\u00fdm sami st\u00e1vame zranite\u013en\u00fdmi. Dobr\u00fd rodi\u010d po\u010d\u00fava svoje die\u0165a. Dobr\u00fd zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e po\u010d\u00fava svojich pracovn\u00edkov. Dobr\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 na\u010d\u00fava svojim z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom alebo klientom. Dobr\u00fd l\u00edder na\u010d\u00fava t\u00fdm, ktor\u00fdch vedie. Po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 druh\u00fa stranu neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee s\u00a0\u0148ou s\u00fahlas\u00edme. Znamen\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee n\u00e1m na nej z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Po\u010d\u00favanie vytv\u00e1ra kl\u00edmu, v ktorej rastie l\u00e1ska a \u00facta.<\/p>\n<p>V judaizme ver\u00edme, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 vz\u0165ah s Bohom je neust\u00e1lym n\u00e1vodom na vz\u0165ahy s \u013eu\u010fmi. Ako m\u00f4\u017eeme o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee n\u00e1s Boh bude po\u010d\u00fava\u0165, ak nepo\u010d\u00favame man\u017eelku, deti alebo t\u00fdch, ktor\u00fdch sa dot\u00fdka na\u0161a pr\u00e1ca? A ako m\u00f4\u017eeme o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 stretnutie s Bohom, ak sme sa nenau\u010dili po\u010d\u00fava\u0165? Na vrchu Horeb (Sinaj) Boh pou\u010dil Eli\u00e1\u0161a, \u017ee Boh nie je vo v\u00edchrici, zemetrasen\u00ed ani ohni, ale v <em>kol demama daka \u2013<\/em>\u00a0\u201etichom jemnom hl\u00e1sku\u201c (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sefaria.org\/I_Kings.19.12?lang=he-en&amp;utm_source=rabbisacks.org&amp;utm_medium=sefaria_linker\">Prv\u00e1 kniha kr\u00e1\u013eov 19, 12<\/a>), ktor\u00fd definujem ako <em>hlas, ktor\u00fd za\u010duje\u0161 len vtedy, ak bude\u0161 po\u010d\u00fava\u0165<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Davmi dok\u00e1\u017eu pohn\u00fa\u0165 skvel\u00ed re\u010dn\u00edci, ale \u017eivoty menia skvel\u00ed posluch\u00e1\u010di. Po\u010d\u00favanie predch\u00e1dza pocitu l\u00e1sky, \u010di u\u017e medzi nami a Bohom, alebo medzi nami a in\u00fdmi \u013eu\u010fmi<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftn8\">[8].<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Pozri Mishpatim: \u201cDoing and Hearing.\u201d v knihe <em>Covenant &amp; Conversation<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Pozri George Lakoff a Mark Johnson, <em>Metaphors We Live By, <\/em>University of Chicago Press, 1980.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Na \u00favodn\u00fdch str\u00e1nkach jeho diela <em>Kol Nevuah<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Treba poveda\u0165, \u017ee Zohar pou\u017e\u00edva vizu\u00e1lny term\u00edn, <em>ta chazi<\/em> \u201ePr\u00ed\u010f a\u00a0pozri sa\u201c. \u017didovsk\u00e1 mystika a plat\u00f3nske \u010di novoplat\u00f3nske myslenie s\u00fa si v\u00a0hrub\u00fdch rysoch bl\u00edzke. V\u00a0oboch je poznanie formou n\u00e1h\u013eadu do h\u013abky.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> Mnoh\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00ed stredovek\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00ed filozofi robili pr\u00e1ve toto. Robili tak pod vplyvom novoplat\u00f3nskeho a neo-aristotelovsk\u00e9ho myslenia, ktor\u00e9 bolo sprostredkovan\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00fdmi filozofmi islamu. V\u00fdnimkou bol J\u00fada Halevi v diele <em>Kuzari<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Pozri Adam Philips, <em>Equals, <\/em>London, Faber and Faber, 2002, xii. Pozri tie\u017e Salman Akhtar<em>, Listening to Others: Developmental and Clinical Aspects of Empathy and Attunement.<\/em> Lanham: Jason Aronson, 2007.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> V\u0161imnite si, \u017ee je rozdiel medzi empatiou a s\u00facitom. Vyjadrenie \u201epo\u010dujem \u0165a\u201c (v zmysle \u201erozumiem ti\u201c) je sp\u00f4sob, ako da\u0165 najavo &#8211; \u00faprimne \u010di ne\u00faprimne &#8211; \u017ee beriem na vedomie tvoje pocity, nie \u017ee s nimi alebo s tebou nevyhnutne s\u00fahlas\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rabbisacks.org\/covenant-conversation\/eikev\/the-spirituality-of-listening\/#_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> Viac o t\u00e9me po\u010d\u00favania pozri vy\u0161\u0161ie, \u010das\u0165 Bereishit \u201eThe Art of Listening\u201c v\u00a0knihe Covenant &amp; Conversation, ako aj \u010das\u0165 Bamidbar \u201eThe Sound of Silence\u201c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(preklad \u010dl\u00e1nku rab\u00edna Jonathan-a Sacks-a: The Spirituality of Listening) Je to jedno z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch slov v judaizme a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jedno z najmenej pochopen\u00fdch. Jeho dva najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie v\u00fdskyty s\u00fa v\u00a0\u010dastiach T\u00f3ry, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010d\u00edtali minul\u00fd a\u00a0tento t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148: \u201ePo\u010duj, Izrael, P\u00e1n je n\u00e1\u0161 Boh, P\u00e1n je jeden&#8220; (5M 6,4) a \u201eStane sa, ak bude\u0161 istotne po\u010d\u00fava\u0165 moje&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/duchovnost-pocuvania\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Duchovnos\u0165 po\u010d\u00favania<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"off","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/144"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=144"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":158,"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/144\/revisions\/158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.clovek.sk\/sk_sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}